Using principles of mathematics such as algebra, geometry, and trigonometry to solve problems.
- 2.3.1 Mathematical principles
- Number systems and relationships - whole numbers, decimals, fractions, alternate base systems (e.g., binary, octal, and hexadecimal numbers)
- Arithmetic – arithmetic operations on numbers, percentages, square root, exponentiation, and logarithmic functions
- Plane and solid geometry – distance, perimeter, area, and volume, spatial coordinates, visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric modeling
- Measurement – measurement of length, mass, time, systems of measurement, units, and conversion between systems (e.g., from English to metric)
- Mathematical notation - the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas
- Mathematical reasoning and problem solving – inductive and deductive reasoning, conjectures, arguments, strategies, and interpretation of results
- Elementary statistics and laws of probability – mean, median, and standard deviation
- Algebra and functions – equations, patterns, and functions
- Elementary trigonometry – triangles and trigonometric functions
- Elementary calculus – exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions, vectors, complex numbers, conic sections, and analytic geometry
- 2.3.2 Computation
- Add, subtract, multiply, and divide with whole numbers, fractions, decimals, and percents
- Calculate averages, ratios, proportions, and rates
- Convert decimals to fractions and fractions to decimals
- Convert fractions to percents and percents to fractions
- Convert decimals to percents and percents to decimals
- 2.3.3 Measurement and estimation
- Take measurements of time, temperature, distances, length, width, height, perimeter, area, volume, weight, velocity, and speed
- Use and report measurements correctly
- Correctly convert from one measurement to another (e.g., from English to metric or International System of Units [SI], or Fahrenheit to Celsius)
- 2.3.4 Application
- Translate practical problems into useful mathematical expressions
- Use appropriate mathematical formulas and techniques to solve problems